java.util

Class ArrayList<E>

  • All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, Cloneable, Iterable<E>, Collection<E>, List<E>, RandomAccess
    Direct Known Subclasses:
    AttributeList, RoleList, RoleUnresolvedList 

    public class ArrayList<E>
extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable
    Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. Implements all optional list operations, and permits all elements, including null. In addition to implementing the List interface, this class provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is used internally to store the list. (This class is roughly equivalent to Vector, except that it is unsynchronized.)

    The size, isEmpty, get, set, iterator, and listIterator operations run in constant time. The add operation runs in amortized constant time, that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the other operations run in linear time (roughly speaking). The constant factor is low compared to that for the LinkedList implementation.

    Each ArrayList instance has a capacity. The capacity is the size of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always at least as large as the list size. As elements are added to an ArrayList, its capacity grows automatically. The details of the growth policy are not specified beyond the fact that adding an element has constant amortized time cost.

    An application can increase the capacity of an ArrayList instance before adding a large number of elements using the ensureCapacity operation. This may reduce the amount of incremental reallocation.

    Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access an ArrayList instance concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more elements, or explicitly resizes the backing array; merely setting the value of an element is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list. If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the Collections.synchronizedList method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the list:

       List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));

    The iterators returned by this class's iterator and listIterator methods are fail-fast: if the list is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.

    Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.

    This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

    Since:
    1.2
    See Also:
    Collection, List, LinkedList, Vector, Serialized Form

    • Constructor Summary

      Constructors

      Constructor and Description
      ArrayList()
      Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
      ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)
      Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
      ArrayList(int initialCapacity)
      Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.

    • Method Summary

      Modifier and Type Method and Description
      boolean add(E e)
      Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
      void add(int index, E element)
      Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
      boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)
      Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's Iterator.
      boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)
      Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position.
      void clear()
      Removes all of the elements from this list.
      Object clone()
      Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList instance.
      boolean contains(Object o)
      Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
      void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)
      Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
      void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action)
      Performs the given action for each element of the Iterable until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.
      E get(int index)
      Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
      int indexOf(Object o)
      Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
      boolean isEmpty()
      Returns true if this list contains no elements.
      Iterator<E> iterator()
      Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
      int lastIndexOf(Object o)
      Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
      ListIterator<E> listIterator()
      Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
      ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index)
      Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
      E remove(int index)
      Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
      boolean remove(Object o)
      Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present.
      boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)
      Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection.
      boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)
      Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate.
      protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
      Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
      void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator)
      Replaces each element of this list with the result of applying the operator to that element.
      boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)
      Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection.
      E set(int index, E element)
      Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
      int size()
      Returns the number of elements in this list.
      void sort(Comparator<? super E> c)
      Sorts this list using the supplied Comparator to compare elements.
      Spliterator<E> spliterator()
      Creates a late-binding and fail-fast Spliterator over the elements in this list.
      List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
      Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
      Object[] toArray()
      Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).
      <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)
      Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
      void trimToSize()
      Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's current size.

    • Constructor Detail

      • ArrayList

        public ArrayList(int initialCapacity)
        Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
        Parameters:
        initialCapacity - the initial capacity of the list
        Throws:
        IllegalArgumentException - if the specified initial capacity is negative

      • ArrayList

        public ArrayList()
        Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.

      • ArrayList

        public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)
        Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
        Parameters:
        c - the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
        Throws:
        NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

    • Method Detail

      • trimToSize

        public void trimToSize()
        Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize the storage of an ArrayList instance.

      • ensureCapacity

        public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)
        Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
        Parameters:
        minCapacity - the desired minimum capacity

      • size

        public int size()
        Returns the number of elements in this list.
        Specified by:
        size in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        size in interface  List<E>
        Specified by:
        size in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Returns:
        the number of elements in this list

      • isEmpty

        public boolean isEmpty()
        Returns true if this list contains no elements.
        Specified by:
        isEmpty in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        isEmpty in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        isEmpty in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Returns:
        true if this list contains no elements

      • contains

        public boolean contains(Object o)
        Returns true if this list contains the specified element. More formally, returns true if and only if this list contains at least one element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).
        Specified by:
        contains in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        contains in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        contains in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Parameters:
        o - element whose presence in this list is to be tested
        Returns:
        true if this list contains the specified element

      • indexOf

        public int indexOf(Object o)
        Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. More formally, returns the lowest index i such that (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))), or -1 if there is no such index.
        Specified by:
        indexOf in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        indexOf in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        o - element to search for
        Returns:
        the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element

      • lastIndexOf

        public int lastIndexOf(Object o)
        Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. More formally, returns the highest index i such that (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))), or -1 if there is no such index.
        Specified by:
        lastIndexOf in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        lastIndexOf in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        o - element to search for
        Returns:
        the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element

      • clone

        public Object clone()
        Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList instance. (The elements themselves are not copied.)
        Overrides:
        clone in class  Object
        Returns:
        a clone of this ArrayList instance
        See Also:
        Cloneable

      • toArray

        public Object[] toArray()
        Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).

        The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.

        This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs.

        Specified by:
        toArray in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        toArray in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        toArray in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Returns:
        an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence
        See Also:
        Arrays.asList(Object[])

      • toArray

        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)
        Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this list.

        If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to null. (This is useful in determining the length of the list only if the caller knows that the list does not contain any null elements.)

        Specified by:
        toArray in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        toArray in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        toArray in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Type Parameters:
        T - the runtime type of the array to contain the collection
        Parameters:
        a - the array into which the elements of the list are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
        Returns:
        an array containing the elements of the list
        Throws:
        ArrayStoreException - if the runtime type of the specified array is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this list
        NullPointerException - if the specified array is null

      • get

        public E get(int index)
        Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
        Specified by:
        get in interface  List<E>
        Specified by:
        get in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        index - index of the element to return
        Returns:
        the element at the specified position in this list
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range ( index < 0 || index >= size())

      • set

        public E set(int index,
             E element)
        Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
        Specified by:
        set in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        set in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        index - index of the element to replace
        element - element to be stored at the specified position
        Returns:
        the element previously at the specified position
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range ( index < 0 || index >= size())

      • add

        public boolean add(E e)
        Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
        Specified by:
        add in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        add in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        add in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        e - element to be appended to this list
        Returns:
        true (as specified by Collection.add(E))

      • add

        public void add(int index,
                E element)
        Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
        Specified by:
        add in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        add in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        index - index at which the specified element is to be inserted
        element - element to be inserted
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range ( index < 0 || index > size())

      • remove

        public E remove(int index)
        Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices).
        Specified by:
        remove in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        remove in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        index - the index of the element to be removed
        Returns:
        the element that was removed from the list
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range ( index < 0 || index >= size())

      • remove

        public boolean remove(Object o)
        Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index i such that (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))) (if such an element exists). Returns true if this list contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list changed as a result of the call).
        Specified by:
        remove in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        remove in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        remove in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Parameters:
        o - element to be removed from this list, if present
        Returns:
        true if this list contained the specified element

      • clear

        public void clear()
        Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will be empty after this call returns.

      • addAll

        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)
        Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this list is nonempty.)
        Specified by:
        addAll in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        addAll in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        addAll in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Parameters:
        c - collection containing elements to be added to this list
        Returns:
        true if this list changed as a result of the call
        Throws:
        NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null
        See Also:
        AbstractCollection.add(Object)

      • addAll

        public boolean addAll(int index,
                      Collection<? extends E> c)
        Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear in the list in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
        Specified by:
        addAll in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        addAll in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        index - index at which to insert the first element from the specified collection
        c - collection containing elements to be added to this list
        Returns:
        true if this list changed as a result of the call
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range ( index < 0 || index > size())
        NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

      • removeRange

        protected void removeRange(int fromIndex,
                           int toIndex)
        Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive. Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index). This call shortens the list by (toIndex - fromIndex) elements. (If toIndex==fromIndex, this operation has no effect.)
        Overrides:
        removeRange in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        fromIndex - index of first element to be removed
        toIndex - index after last element to be removed
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if fromIndex or toIndex is out of range ( fromIndex < 0 || fromIndex >= size() || toIndex > size() || toIndex < fromIndex)

      • removeAll

        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)
        Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection.
        Specified by:
        removeAll in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        removeAll in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        removeAll in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Parameters:
        c - collection containing elements to be removed from this list
        Returns:
        true if this list changed as a result of the call
        Throws:
        ClassCastException - if the class of an element of this list is incompatible with the specified collection ( optional)
        NullPointerException - if this list contains a null element and the specified collection does not permit null elements ( optional), or if the specified collection is null
        See Also:
        Collection.contains(Object)

      • retainAll

        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)
        Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
        Specified by:
        retainAll in interface  Collection<E>
        Specified by:
        retainAll in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        retainAll in class  AbstractCollection<E>
        Parameters:
        c - collection containing elements to be retained in this list
        Returns:
        true if this list changed as a result of the call
        Throws:
        ClassCastException - if the class of an element of this list is incompatible with the specified collection ( optional)
        NullPointerException - if this list contains a null element and the specified collection does not permit null elements ( optional), or if the specified collection is null
        See Also:
        Collection.contains(Object)

      • listIterator

        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index)
        Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list. The specified index indicates the first element that would be returned by an initial call to next. An initial call to previous would return the element with the specified index minus one.

        The returned list iterator is fail-fast.

        Specified by:
        listIterator in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        listIterator in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        index - index of the first element to be returned from the list iterator (by a call to next)
        Returns:
        a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range ( index < 0 || index > size())

      • subList

        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex,
                       int toIndex)
        Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive. (If fromIndex and toIndex are equal, the returned list is empty.) The returned list is backed by this list, so non-structural changes in the returned list are reflected in this list, and vice-versa. The returned list supports all of the optional list operations.

        This method eliminates the need for explicit range operations (of the sort that commonly exist for arrays). Any operation that expects a list can be used as a range operation by passing a subList view instead of a whole list. For example, the following idiom removes a range of elements from a list: 

              list.subList(from, to).clear();
        Similar idioms may be constructed for indexOf(Object) and lastIndexOf(Object), and all of the algorithms in the Collections class can be applied to a subList.

        The semantics of the list returned by this method become undefined if the backing list (i.e., this list) is structurally modified in any way other than via the returned list. (Structural modifications are those that change the size of this list, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)

        Specified by:
        subList in interface  List<E>
        Overrides:
        subList in class  AbstractList<E>
        Parameters:
        fromIndex - low endpoint (inclusive) of the subList
        toIndex - high endpoint (exclusive) of the subList
        Returns:
        a view of the specified range within this list
        Throws:
        IndexOutOfBoundsException - if an endpoint index value is out of range (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size)
        IllegalArgumentException - if the endpoint indices are out of order (fromIndex > toIndex)

      • forEach

        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action)
        Description copied from interface: Iterable
        Performs the given action for each element of the Iterable until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception. Unless otherwise specified by the implementing class, actions are performed in the order of iteration (if an iteration order is specified). Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the caller.
        Specified by:
        forEach in interface  Iterable<E>
        Parameters:
        action - The action to be performed for each element

      • removeIf

        public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)
        Description copied from interface: Collection
        Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate. Errors or runtime exceptions thrown during iteration or by the predicate are relayed to the caller.
        Specified by:
        removeIf in interface  Collection<E>
        Parameters:
        filter - a predicate which returns true for elements to be removed
        Returns:
        true if any elements were removed

      • replaceAll

        public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator)
        Description copied from interface: List
        Replaces each element of this list with the result of applying the operator to that element. Errors or runtime exceptions thrown by the operator are relayed to the caller.
        Specified by:
        replaceAll in interface  List<E>
        Parameters:
        operator - the operator to apply to each element

      • sort

        public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c)
        Description copied from interface: List
        Sorts this list using the supplied Comparator to compare elements.
        Specified by:
        sort in interface  List<E>
        Parameters:
        c - the Comparator used to compare list elements. A null value indicates that the elements' natural ordering should be used